Rift valley fever virus is a segmented, enveloped, singlestranded rna virus in the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the arabian. It is characterized by a threesegmented genome of negativeambisense strand rna in viral nucleocaspid protein and enveloped by a lipid bilayer containing two viral glycoproteins, gn and gc like all members of the virus family 5. Through the cullin 1skp1fbox e3 ligase complex, the nss protein promotes the degradation of at least two host proteins, the tfiih p62 and the pkr proteins. Transmission zoonosis, arthropod bite vaccine rift valley fever virus antiviral drugs experimental. The rift valley fever rvf virus, an rna virus in the genus phlebovirus family bunyaviridae, is found throughout most of africa and is endemic in southern and eastern africa, where outbreaks. Rift valley fever is a notifiable disease and should be reported. Mosquitoborne rift valley fever virus rvf is an acute, fever causing virus that affects. Even in regions where the rvf virus is always present, outbreaks do not necessarily occur. It has a wide variety of hosts but severe disease is seen most commonly in ruminants, especially sheep and goats, where it can present as an abortion storm, death of neonates, and hepatic disease.
The virus is a complex and classic example of the multifaceted intersection of human and animal health and vector ecology that. Rvfv was introduced for the first time in egypt in 1977. Sheep and cattle are the primary hosts and the amplifiers of this virus. Rift valley fever virus rvfv, the cause of rift valley fever rvf, is a zoonosis. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease that can cause mild to severe symptoms. Virus neutralisation microneutralisation, plaque reduction neutralisation. Rift valley fever outbreaks in africa and middle east. This disease causes abortions in pregnant animals, and it has a high mortality rate in newborn animals. Observations on rift valley fever virus and vaccines in. Countries reporting endemic disease and substantial outbreaks of rvf. Rift valley fever virus is a devastating pathogen of livestock and humans.
Modern molecular tools have greatly advanced rvf research, yet many questions remain. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease of goats, sheep, cattle, and humans. Large outbreaks occur at irregular intervals when heavy rains favor breeding of mosquito vectors of the virus and are characterized by deaths of newborn animals and abortion in pregnant sheep. The recombinant rvf viruses, generated using a plasmidbased reverse genetics system, can be used as vaccines to prevent rvf infection in livestock and humans. Rvf not only affects the economic and food security of smallholder farmers in africa, it also poses a serious public health risk. It is a three stranded rna virus and requires a mosquito vector. Outbreaks of the disease are typically reported during climatic conditions that favour the breeding of mosquito vectors. Rift valley fever rvf florida department of health. Several years can separate outbreaks, with no evidence of disease in the interim.
Atlanta, ga 30333, usa 800cdcinfo 8002324636 contact cdcinfo. This is an important diagnostic tool because liver or other tissue placed in neutral buffered. The rvf virus is endemic mainly in subsaharan africa. The human beings are highly susceptible to the disease. Rift valley fever rvf is one of the most serious transboundary animal diseases. Rift valley fever affects humans as well as animals.
Rvf is characterized by a high rate of abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants, febrile illness in adult ruminants, and lethal acute. The disease classified as an oie list a disease a080 3. Rift valley fever outbreak, southern mauritania, 2012. Since it was discovered in 1930, rvf virus has caused multiple outbreaks in africa and the middle east. To date, no humantohuman transmission of rvf virus has been documented.
Rift valley fever rvf is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease endemic to subsaharan africa 1, 2. Mosquitos, most commonly aedes, are a reservoir and vector for rvf virus able to live with the virus and pass on to offspring, virus remains viable in eggs. Turmeric stopped potentially deadly rift valley fever. Dec 12, 2011 rift valley fever virus rvfv, genus phlebovirus and family bunyaviridae, was isolated from infected sheep in 1930 1, 2. Turmeric stopped potentially deadly rift valley fever virus from multiplying in infected cells. The ideal rvf vaccine would confer protection after a single dose. Rvf can also be spread by needles during vaccination. Rift valley fever virus rvfv has a negativesense, singlestranded rna genome. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a vectorborne disease of sheep, cattle and goats which humans are susceptible to. If you want to learn all about the symptoms, treatments, and vaccine for rift. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. Increased rainfall increases mosquito numbers and is associated with outbreaks. The introduction of rift valley fever rvf virus rvfv is the most significant arthropodborne animal disease threat to u. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the cdc website the centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to the accuracy of a nonfederal website.
Development of 2 multivalent rvf vaccines for improved. Definition rift valley fever rvf is an arthropodborne viral disease affecting wide variety of mammals. As our channel brand, vwr offers an integrated, seamless purchasing experience that is optimized for the way our. Historically, outbreaks of rift valley fever have occurred at 1015year intervals in normally dry areas of africa subsequent to a period of heavy rainfall. Rift valley fever in sheep and goats farmers weekly. The virus is very stable at temperatures from 60 to 23oc and at 50 to 85% relative humidity. Novel rift valley fever virus vaccines this invention relates to recombinant rift valley fever rvf viruses containing deletions in one or more virulence genes. Egypt, the gambia, kenya, madagascar, mauritania, mozambique. Caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, rvf has devastating impacts. The cause of this outbreak was the rift valley fever virus. Rift valley fever fact sheet pennsylvania department of. Rift valley fever rvf is a peracute or acute, mosquitoborne, zoonotic disease of domestic and wild ruminants in africa, madagascar, and the arabian peninsula. The afhscdivision of geis operations predictive surveillance program.
Spreading via arthropods, symptoms in humans include fever, headache and liver abnormalities. Rvfv is an arbovirus that can be transmitted directly between vertebrates during the manipulation of infected tissues, and between mosquitoes by vertical transmission and indirectly from one vertebrate to another by mosquitoborne transmission 3, 4. Dec 09, 2019 nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely to cause severe outbreaks with a fatality rate as high as 75%. Characterization of rift valley fever virus mp12 strain. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. The virus can cause severe disease in both animals and humans. Linking to a nonfederal website does not constitute an endorsement by cdc or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a mosquitoborne virus of the genus. Rift valley fever virus synonyms, rift valley fever virus. Host virus interaction inhibition of host transcription initiation. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, febrile zoonotic disease that is caused by the rvf virus rvfv and spread by arthropod vectors. It is endemic in large parts of africa, with outbreaks occurring in three to fiveyear cycles.
Although the rvf virus natural infectious cycle has been linked to the aedes. Rift valley fever virus mp12 vaccine is fully attenuated. Introduction to rift valley fever world health organization. Development and characterization of rift valley fever virus. Rift valley fever is a viral infection that is most common in domesticated animals but can also affect humans as well. Extraction was performed by using a qiaamp viral rna kit qiagen. The disease is caused by rift valley fever virus rvfv, of the family bunyaviridae. This model, being built with opensource software and with an. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus ncbi. Nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely.
Human infections can result from mosquito bites as well as direct or indirect contact with the blood or organs of infected animals care or slaughter of infected animals and possibly from. Here we highlight 10 key gaps in our understanding of this significant health threat. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes during summer after heavy rainfall and persistent flooding. New research programs that focus on prediction of outbreaks, transmission factors. Contact information centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd. Nov 10, 2017 rift valley fever rvf virus is a bunyavirus that was first isolated from sheep in kenya in 1930. Rift valley fever rvf is a peracute or acute zoonotic disease of ruminants caused by the mosquitoborne rvf virus rvfv, which belongs to the genus phlebovirus within the family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever virus ecology this infographic describes rift valley fever rvf virus ecology and how rvf infects livestock and humans. Rift valley fever virus article about rift valley fever. For the purpose of the terrestrial code, rvf is defined as an infection of ruminants with rift valley fever virus rvfv. Rift valley fever vaccine virus clone is able to cross. Rvf is an acute mosquitoborne viral disease mainly affecting ruminant animals and humans.
Rift valley fever rvf is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv, which belongs. Development and characterization of rift valley fever. Other information usda permit required, doc permit required, hepa filtration, usda restricted, usda high consequence agent, vaccination recommended. Observations on rift valley fever virus and vaccines in egypt. May 06, 2011 rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. Rift valley fever epizootics and epidemics can rap.
In humans, clinical signs of rift valley fever are influenzalike, and include fever, headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea, epigastric pain. Rift valley fever virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Rift valley fever rvf virus is a negativesense, trisegmented rna virus of. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock. Implement an appropriate vector control program based on. Transmission of rift valley fever virus from european. Rvfv belongs to the bunyaviridae family within the genus phlebovirus. This form of vaccine elicited protection against sheep pox and rvfv as. The spread of rvf has serious economic consequences in africa. Large outbreaks of clinical disease are usually associated with heavy rainfall and localized flooding. Rift valley fever virus uses host proteins in replication.
Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus volume. Rift valley fever virus rvfv, which belongs to the family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus, is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes, and the causative agent for rift valley fever rvf. Rift valley fever rvf virus is a bunyavirus that was first isolated from sheep in kenya in 1930. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is highly contagious to humans producing fever, and flulike symptoms visual disturbances during the infection can be a clue to the diagnosis of rvf.
Rvf is an acute or peracute disease of wild and domestic ruminants and. Feb 27, 2003 rift valley fever rvf virus vaccine strain mp12 effective 272003 the mp12 attenuated strain of rvf virus was obtained by 12 serial passages of a virulent isolate zh548 in the presence of 5fluorouracil. Sals basis results of sals surveys and information from the catalogue. Rift valley fever is a potentially fatal disease affecting both humans and domestic animals. Synonyms for rift valley fever virus in free thesaurus. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. However, the epidemiology of rift valley importance rift valley fever rvf is a zoonotic viral disease that can affect a variety of species, including ruminants and camels, causing high mortality in young animals andor abortions in adults. The disease is caused by rvf virus rvfv, a member of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever virus nss protein functions and the. Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus volume 17. Mp12 strain, a liveattenuated candidate vaccine, is attenuated in the m and lsegments, but the ssegment retains the virulent phenotype.
In humans, clinical signs of rift valley fever are influenzalike, and include fever, headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea, epigastric pain, and photophobia. It is an enveloped virus containing a capsid and singlestranded rna genome. A number of challenges exist for the control and prevention of rvf in the areas of vaccines, diagnostics, epidemiology, and entomology. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a phlebovirus of the bunyaviridae family. Bunyaviridae, is an arbovirus which causes significant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. The story of the rift valley fever virus vaccine one. It can cause abortions in pregnant animals and a high mortality in young animals. Armed forces health surveillance branch mosquitoborne illnesses.
Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a mosquitoborne bunyavirus of the genus phlebovirus that is highly pathogenic to ruminants and humans. Alignment analysis software as implemented in bioedit version 7. Nipah and rift valley fever mnn mother nature network. It is inactivated by lipid solvents, detergents and low ph. The pathogenesis of rift valley fever pubmed central pmc. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates. In endemic areas, the insect vector control and vaccination is considering appropriate measures if applied properly and the used vaccine is completely safe and the vaccination. Rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. The nonstructural ns protein, which is a major virulence factor for rift valley fever virus rvfv, is encoded on the ssegment.
Overview of rift valley fever generalized conditions. Furthermore, this disease poses a serious threat to animal and human health in regions worldwide, making it a. Rift valley fever rvf is considered a disease of special concern around the world. Rvf is currently prevalent in africa and the arabian peninsula, and causes substantial economic losses.
Rift valley fever rvf in humans is characterized by a mild, acute, febrile illness with spontaneous recovery, although 1%2% of cases may evolve to more severe disease, such as acute hepatitis, encephalitis, retinitis, or a. In addition to the bites of mosquitoes, humans can be infected by contact with blood or body fluids from infected animals which may occur during slaughtering of animals or handling of aborted foetuses and animal tissues. The capacity of rift valley fever virus rvfv to cause large and severe outbreaks in animal and human populations and to cross significant natural geographic barriers, as exemplified by the virus spread over the indian ocean, sahara desert, and the red sea in the past three decades, is of great concern for veterinary and public health. Rift valley fever virus rvfv belongs to the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae, and the genome is comprised of tripartite negativestranded rna consisting of the s, m, and l segments. The company operates in more than 30 countries and delivers an extensive portfolio of products and services. In areas of endemicity, rvfv is considered to be maintained by transovarial transmission. For the purpose of the terrestrial code, rvf is defined as.
This disease is caused by a mosquitoborne virus of the family bunyaviridae and genus phlebovirus. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock. The rift valley fever virus nss protein instead plays a role in the inhibition of the host transcription initiation by acting on host tfiih. Rift valley fever rvf virus vaccine strain mp12 effective 272003 the mp12 attenuated strain of rvf virus was obtained by 12 serial passages of a virulent isolate zh548 in the presence of 5fluorouracil. Infected animals transmit the disease to others by means of aborted foetuses. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease of domestic ruminants. Rift valley fever definition of rift valley fever by. Rift valley fever rvf virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid19th century and was only identified at the. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a phlebovirus family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the arabian peninsula. Interactions hostvirus interaction ecology and disease geography rvfv. It can be transmitted to humans and livestock by many routes such as aerosols and direct contact with blood and fluids of infected animals 1. Rvfv is the causative agent of rift valley fever rvf, a zoonotic.
Transmission of rift valley fever virus from europeanbreed. Large outbreaks occur at irregular intervals when heavy rains favor breeding of mosquito vectors of the virus and are characterized by deaths of. The disease is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv of the family bunyaviridae and the genus phlebovirus. The disease is currently confined to africa and the arabian peninsula, but globalization and climate change may facilitate introductions of the virus into currently unaffected areas via infected animals or mosquitoes. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a zoonotic arbovirus which belongs to the genus phlebovirus within the family bunyaviride.
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